A turntable allows the system to efficiently test rotators. The design is modular in nature, facilitating incorporation into high-throughput assembly lines. We developed a robot-assisted UT system assessing cracks in wheel hubs. Several key problems encountered when integrating robots with ultrasonic transducers, including tool path planning, phased-array C-scanning, and multi-robot collaboration, have been addressed by Mineo et al. In contrast, general six-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) industrial robots are now available off-the-shelf, and are widely used. designed a miniature robotic vehicle equipped with an air-coupling transducer to test large curved surfaces, but the vehicle is not commonly used. Various movable and stationary robotic platforms resolve the deficiencies of existing mechanisms. To improve scanning flexibility, robots have recently been introduced. Although this bridge design can follow contours via interpolation, the object must exhibit a simple and continuous geometry. An ultrasonic transducer installed on the end of the manipulator scans the object to detect defects. The object under test is fixed in a water tank in which a triaxial manipulator is installed (on the top), and which moves in three orthogonal directions. X−Y−Z immersion C-scan systems are the most commonly used. Automatic scanning methods were later developed, such that the ultrasonic transducer was integrated with automatic production. Traditionally, objects were scanned manually using an ultrasonic transducer, and data were thus affected by human factors. In addition, a stand block must be used as an evaluation reference. For example, the incident angle is difficult to control on a complex surface and echoic waves are easily disturbed by noise, causing cracks to be missed or falsely detected. However, some disadvantages are apparent. Besides, ultrasound is commonly used for defect detection, affording good sensitivity and penetration. Similarly, it was found that UT could be used to characterize the percent of vermicular graphite. For example, the ultrasonic characteristics of cast irons with different nodularities and matrix structures were reported by Collins et al. UT facilitates material characterisation and defect detection. compared paired samples to ultrasonic testing (UT) and X-ray testing, where ultrasound revealed small defects misinterpreted by X-rays. explored the fracture behaviour of wind turbine components under cyclic and random loads, concluding that load history was key for lifespan prediction. Wheel hubs bear running dynamic, impact, cyclic, and random loads, all of which affect service life. The performance of cast products is influenced by pressure, temperature, geometry, and chemistry. This involves metal smelting, pouring, and freezing. Casting is commonly used to produce wheel hubs.
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